Click to return to the first page

(Click to return to previous page)

The Missing Scenes in
The Cameraman

Once upon a time, I began writing about this movie, but I gave up once the resources ran out. Now that more materials are available, perhaps I should start over again.

Problematic movie. Totally different from anything else Buster ever did. The irony that kept his stories afloat is here entirely missing. The resourcefulness is pretty much gone. Instead we have a gentle story about a street-fighting bully who has gone straight, leading an unassuming life as a photographer with his 1912 Errtee Button Tintype Camera. This was a profession that had been nearly obsolete for decades. He has no aspirations for anything other than quiet invisibility in a small room in a cheap boarding house all by himself. He is socially awkward to the nth degree, painfully shy and self-conscious. Totally, totally, totally unlike anything Buster had done before. We feel sorry for his character, and we feel embarrassed for him, too. Totally unlike what he had done before. Yet it works.

Problematic? Why do I say problematic? Because there is a problem: More than three minutes are missing from the beginning of Reel 3. Buster leaves an empty Yankee Stadium in NYC, then, with his dilapidated circa-1910 Pathé Professionnelle camera in hand, he sets out to record the news of the day. We see just the opening of the scene. He heads for a hotel (shot at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel, 9500 Wilshire Blvd, Beverly Hills 90212) and tries to capture an image of the admiral who is emerging. Before he can do anything, we see a break in the film and suddenly we are in the MGM screening room. We jump from the end of Reel 2 straight to the middle of Reel 3. Here, let me show you:

https://youtu.be/iXOvSRgJ4m0

What are we missing? Buster’s own recollection was quite exact. George C. Pratt of the George Eastman House in Rochester, NY, interviewed Buster in 1958. His interview was not published until 16 years later, in Image magazine, vol. 17 no. 4 (1974), pp. 19–29. It was reprinted in Kevin W. Sweeney, ed., Buster Keaton Interviews (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007), pp. 32–47. We are fortunate that we have the actual recorded interview, unedited, here:

https://soundcloud.com/george-eastman-museum/interview-with-buster-keaton
If this ever disappears (other copies have disappeared), download it.

Here is the relevant section:

PRATT: There’s one unfortunate gap in our print. Apparently the negative had deteriorated. It’s the part where you go out for the first day and everything goes wrong. There’s just a little bit of that left.

KEATON: That’s a shame because some of the biggest gags are there.

PRATT: Tell me about what was in there.

KEATON: Well, the number one was I think I saw a lot of people around a Park Avenue hotel and I got there and they say, “It’s the admiral that’s coming out!” So I busted through the crowd and I photographed the admiral going right from the main door into his limousine. Only the mistake I made was I photographed the doorman. That was my first error. Then I got over to the Hudson River and got a shot of a battleship, and then a parade on Fifth Avenue, and I double-exposed it by accident. So I had the battleship comin’ down Fifth Avenue and the parade comin’ down the Hudson River. I went to a launching of some millionaire’s new yacht, one of the Vanderbilts, and I made a mistake and set my camera up on part of the cradle that launched the boat. So I was launched with the boat. In a finish I photographed a disappearing gun — one of those great big things that they had come up and shoot. While I’m photographing one, I didn’t know if, but I was right up against another one that nearly took the seat of my pants off.

Now, shall we take a look at the relevant pages of the cutting continuity? Any text in bold is missing from the current editions of The Cameraman. We see that the first three+ minutes of Reel 3 have vanished.

Because the notations have confused too many people, we should work our way through this.

•	The scenes are not numbered. Instead, every edit is numbered. Whenever one piece of negative is physically joined to another piece of negative, that counts for the next number, and each reel starts over again at 1. Though the scenes are not numbered, the colloquial studio lingo would refer to “Scene 103” and “Title 104,” even though the meaning was “Edit number 103” and “Edit number 104.” It was a spoken shorthand that confuses us all nowadays.
•	“S” means that the footage in question is part of a Scene.
•	“T” means that the footage in question is a Title.
•	“B&W” means only that the negative stock was black and white; it does NOT mean that the film as shown in cinemas was in black and white. The film as shown in cinemas was, of course, tinted, possibly toned as well. Most likely, day scenes were sepia and night scenes were blue.
•	Each reel opened and closed with an identifier: “Part One,” “End Part One,” “Part Two,” “End Part Two,” “Part Three,” and so forth. As a general rule, these were not shown on screen. Up to 1923, yes, they were shown on screen, but then various other practices were adopted to enable projectionists to skip over those titles. We see the method used for this film, and used also for other MGM productions of the time. As soon as the projectionist saw “The Admiral is coming out!” on screen, he (almost always he) would start the motor of the next projector, and when he could hear that it was up to speed, he would slide a metal plate over to block the lens of the old projector and unblock the lens of the new projector. The new projector would then show the next second or two of “The Admiral is coming out!” on screen. The transition from one reel to the next was thus nearly seamless.
•	The footage counts are NOT exact. There are sixteen frames to each foot of film, but the footage counts here were all rounded to the nearest foot. Films in 1928 were usually projected at 1½ feet per second (24 frames per second), and so that can give you a good idea about the running time of each shot.

So, with that knowledge under your belt, you are ready at long last to bear witness to the missing three+ minutes of the beginning of Reel 3.


NO.	SCENE	COLOR	FEET	DESCRIPTION	Reel 2 Page 6
93	S	B&W	8	FULL FIG SHOT Buster acting as pitcher.
94			22	FULL FIG.SHOT Buster acting as pitcher.
95			6	LS Diamond - Buster in pitcher mound - still pantomiming.
96			9	MCS Buster in pitcher's mound, doing pantomime
97			22	MLS Buster in home plate, doing pantomime business.
98			21	MCS Buster at home plate doing pantomime of batter.
99			2	LS of grandstand center field.
100			23	MCS Buster at home plate - still doing batter pantomime.
101			82	LS Buster at home plate he hits ball and pantomimes - makes home run - does slide finishes takes bow, sees ground keeper - turns goes gets his camera - starts to walk off field FADE OUT
102			12	FADE IN EXTREME LS exclusive hotel, street, Buster crosses over to hotel.
103			8	THREE FOURTH FIG.SHOT of group at doorway - Buster edges into crowd - man speaks title:
104	T		20	"The Admiral is coming out!"
105	T		3	END PART TWO
Reel 2 Page 6
NO.	SCENE	COLOR	FEET	DESCRIPTION	REEL 3 PAGE 1
1	T	B&W	3	REEL THREE
2	T		16	"The Admiral is coming out!"
3	S		6	MS of Buster with camera trying to break thru crowd in front of hotel lobby. He pushes his way thru crowd.
4			42	MS exterior of hotel lobby. Buster comes into foreground, sets up his camera, crowd of people in the background. Doorman comes out first. Admiral and his staff follows the doorman. Buster comes into scene with his camera he is taking a moving picture of the doorman; Camera Pans as Admiral and his staff get into automobile at curbing. Buster is grinding his camera and taking pictures of doorman as he opens and closes the door for Admiral and his staff, getting into car. Buster realizes his mistake, picks up his camera, walks off scene, turns and looks around and FADE OUT
5			24	FADE IN on yacht in dry dock. People in foreground. Girl standing by bow of boat with a bottle in her hand. Buster comes into scene with his camera, sits his camera up in front of boat, and starts to take picture of girl hitting the bow of the boat with bottle. He is grinding the camera, and the boat slides into water. Buster and camera are standing on a plank as boat slides into water.
6			18	CU of boat sliding into water. Buster standing on plank with camera as boat slides into water. Boat, Buster and camera slide into the water, and FADE OUT
7			7	FADE IN MS of large cannon.
8			4	CU of cannon firing and recurls back into position.
9			27	MS of Buster coming into scene, carrying his camera. He sets his camera on top of concrete walk as large cannon comes into scene and fires a shot. FADE OUT
10			10	FADE IN MS. of office of M. G. M. news reel. Buster comes thru doorway carrying his camera.
REEL 3 PAGE 1
NO.	SCENE	COLOR	FOOT	DESCRIPTION	REEL 3 PAGE 2
11	S	B&W	13	LS Interior of office. Sally is sitting at desk. She looks at Buster as he comes into office. Buster sets his camera up against railing in office and starts to take out negative from camera.
12			2	MS Editor and two girls at desk. Editor is looking off scene.
13			5	MSU Sally sitting at desk. Buster and his camera at railing. He talks to Sally and shows her the negative in box.
14			3	MS of Editor and two girls sitting at desk. Editor is looking off scene.
15			3	MCU Buster and Sally looking off scene. Sally turns to Buster. Buster walks toward camera, and thru gate.
16			3	MS of office. Editor walks into scene and meets Buster. Buster speaks title:
17	T		8	"It's great stuff, sir! I hope you'll look at it!"
18	S		11	MCU of Editor and Buster. Buster is handing Editor box of negative. Editor turns and hands to someone off scene, turns and speaks title to Buster:
19	T		7	"Come around tomorrow and we'll have it ready to project."
20	S		5	MCU of Buster and the Editor. Editor turns and walks off scene. Buster also turns and starts to exit from scene.
21			2	MS of Buster in foreground. He walks to background and starts to talk to Sally.
22			20	LS of office. Buster is talking to Sally in background. Stagg comes into scene thru door carrying his camera. He hits Buster with door, comes to foreground of scene and goes thru gate. Door closes as another cameraman starts to come to doorway and legs of tripod go thru glass in doorway. Buster turns and looks as man comes into scene. Editor comes running into scene and starts to talk to man about breaking glass in door. Buster is talking to Sally in background.
REEL 3 PAGE 2
NO.	SCENE	COLOR	FOOT	DESCRIPTION	REEL 3 PAGE 3
23	S	B&W	6	MCU of Buster and Sally talking to one another and looking off scene. They are laughing and FADE OUT
24			26	FADE IN LS of projecting room. Stagg comes into scene and is talking to another cameraman as Editor and Sally comes into scene and take seats in projecting room. Editor is talking to Sally - Stagg is walking around.
25			18	MS Reverse angle of projecton room. Sally is at desk talking to Editor. Buster comes to foreground and sits in the front row. Editor turns to man in projection room and tells him to start. Scene goes dark as everybody starts to look toward screen as picture is about to be projected.
26			7	CU of projection room. People in foreground. Picture on screen in background, just showing the legs and body of people walking.
27			3	MCU of Sally and Editor as they look at picture. Editor is very mad. Sally is down-hearted.
28			6	MS of men on horses in a jumping meet. Buster cranks camera and makes horses jump backward.
29			5	MCU of Buster sitting in projection room looking very sad at what he sees.
30			8	MS of a man on spring board making a fancy dive. He hits the water and springs back onto spring board.
31			5	MS of projection room, Buster sitting in a chair in foreground.
32			3	CU Sally sitting by desk in projection room. She bows her head.
33			3	CU of Buster sitting in projection room.
34			12	MS of buildings and battleship in foreground. Warriors and automobiles.
35			4	MS of Buster sitting in projection room.
36			5	MS of people running in all directions on street.
REEL 3 PAGE 3

Richard Warner told me to take a look at a 1950 movie called Watch the Birdie, in which Red Skelton re-enacts two of those scenes:

This disappearing gun was shot at Fort MacArthur, California, by the way, as Kevin Brownlow learned from Frank Dugas, who worked on the film. But what, pray tell, is a disappearing gun? Do you know? I didn’t know. YouTube to the rescue:

Click on the image to see the video.
3dfort, British 6-inch BL-gun MkVI on Mark IV disappearing carriage H.P., uploaded on Oct 21, 2022

By the by, I’m curious. Back when I was about 19 or so, I was paging through an ancient projection manual, and among the myriad makes and models it detailed was a dual-projector outfit that required the operator to remain between the two machines at all times. Projector 1 had a normal configuration, but Projector 2 was a mirror image. There was only a single viewing port for the operator, between the two machines. The bases for the two projectors were interconnected and linked with belts. I do not remember what that book was. I do not remember when it was published or by whom. I do not remember the make or model of that dual-machine. Then I saw The Cameraman not long afterwards, and the scenes in the screening room were obviously not a set, but were filmed inside one of MGM’s actual screening rooms. There are two ports for the projectors, but only a single viewing port in the middle for the operator. A ha! That was what I had just read about in that forgotten projection manual. Does anybody know what the make and model were? If you know, please let me know. Thanks!

Oh. Found it. It was in a book I have had since forever. I misremembered the details almost entirely, and that is why I could not recognize it when I saw it again. The #2 projector (to our left) was not reversed. Only its feed and take-up magazines were reversed. The device in question was the Walstad Projection Stand–Model D. At least, that’s what it was in 1915. By 1928 there may have been different makes and models.

Before we proceed, we should pay attention to the footage counts in the above cutting continuity. As mentioned above, and as you surely noticed, they are all rounded to the nearest foot. In other reels, they are rounded to the nearest half-foot. That introduces errors. I tallied all the counts and came up with, I think, 6,995', but that is 65' too long. Posted on Eastman Museum Collection Highlights and on Pinterest and on Tumblr is page one of the four-page cue sheet by Ernst Luz, which reveals the actual length, 6,930', give or take a few feet.

So, it’s time to wonder when the full-length film was last seen. It popped up for one day, Wednesday, 22 May 1935, as second on a double bill with a Fox film at the Electric Theatre in Curtis, Nebraska. Did the Electric still have a musician it could bring in to accompany the film? I am willing to bet one dollar that the Electric cropped the image with the Academy aperture. It popped up again for two days, Tuesday and Wednesday, 26 & 27 May 1936, as the second on a double bill to a different Fox film at the Missouri in Maryville, Missouri. My same question and supposition apply. Next question: Why did The Cameraman get those two bookings? It was not because the cinema programmers chose the film or even wanted it. It was surely because it was the only affordable film available from the exchange at the time. You know how that conversation goes. “We need a second picture to fill out the bill. Whaddaya got available?” “Everything is shipped out right now, but we do still have a print of The Cameraman. We can get it to you for 20 bucks.” “We’ll take it.” My guess is that Curtis and Maryville were both on the Kansas City exchange. I wonder what ever happened to that print. Were there other bookings in the 1930’s, 1940’s, 1950’s? I do not know, except for one that I am certain about, in 1959, and we shall get to that shortly.

What else do we know? We know that it was sometime in the 1940’s that Karl Malkames did some work for the George Eastman House. Karl Malkames, like his father Don, worked in the movies as a cameraman. He was a collector and archivist as well. Rather than accept a cash payment for his work, Malkames requested a print of The Cameraman, a film for which he had a particular fondness. It was years before it arrived. What took so long? My best guess is that the George Eastman House simply did not have any access to material on The Cameraman.

We learn something from an unsigned June 2019 article posted by Il Cinema Ritrovato, “The Restoration of The Cameraman.” The article on a first reading seems simple and straightforward. Then we think about it for a moment or two and then re-read it and get headaches. “According to the archival records, the negative was shipped from MGM Culver City to Kodak on February 1951: upon inspection of the negative, Kodak notified George Eastman House and MGM of the missing footage from reel 3.” Oh Holy Mother of Moo-Moo, what does that mean? Why would MGM ship a camera negative to Kodak in Rochester? Why would Kodak send its report to Eastman House in addition to MGM? I can think of an explanation that matches the other details: MGM wished to deposit some of its assets with the George Eastman House, which, as a professional film archive, was best equipped to protect the elements. For convenience or professional courtesy or perhaps per contract, MGM shipped the negative directly to Kodak to have a fine-grain and print made, with the understanding that the fine-grain and print would be held in the Eastman House vault, while the original camera negative would be returned to MGM in Culver City. Kodak noticed some problems and alerted its customers, Eastman House and MGM, to those problems.

Thus it was that in 1951, Karl Malkames at long last received his long-awaited print of The Cameraman, and, to his disappointment, it was 16mm rather than 35mm. Also, it was missing the the last 13 seconds of Reel 2 (the Beverly Wilshire) and the beginning of Reel 3. Strangely, it was also missing a title, “The Big Sea Lion!” The chronology begins to make sense.

What else do we know? We have a passage from Rudi Blesh’s Keaton (NY: Macmillan, 1966), p. 302:

In 1953, when a friend of Buster Keaton asked to see it projected, he was told a surprising thing. “The present print is worn out,” an executive said. “It”s been our training picture. Ever since 1928 we’ve made each new comedian study it. From Durante to Abbott and Costello, from Mickey Rooney to Red Skelton and the Marx Brothers.”

The MGM man spoke with evident pride. But it is equally evident that he was not thinking of Buster Keaton, a man whom MGM had already long since forgotten. He was thinking, MGM story, MGM direction, MGM production.

Who was the friend who requested a screening? I am certain it was Rudi Blesh himself. I mean, who else would it have been? Who else could it have been? Who was the executive who explained that there was nothing at present to screen? That is a mystery that may never be answered.

Too many people have misunderstood the above quotation from the MGM executive. He did NOT say that the ONLY copy was worn out, but that the PRESENT copy was worn out. The PRESENT copy was not the original; it was printed from the camera negative. The executive did not even imply that there was a problem with the negative. As a matter of fact, by mentioning that the PRESENT print was worn out, he was implying that there would later be a REPLACEMENT print.

Was it really the training picture, though? If this truly were the training picture, then it should but won’t come as a surprise that Buster was not permitted to follow his own template, and that he was not permitted to instruct others. The instructions he was told to obey were to do exactly the opposite of what he had done in The Cameraman. If this truly were the training picture, then it is curious that no other MGM film would ever have such a gracefully simple story — no MGM movie that I know of, anyway. Boy Wonder Thalberg had the idea that to keep the audience involved required a complicated narrative consisting of threats from gangsters who frame the innocents and then there are more gangsters and then cops and robbers and more cops and more gangsters and gun battles and the good guys outwitting the bad guys but that their heroic actions cause the cops to see them as the bad guys which affords the gangsters an opportunity to move in on them and frame them up again and then get pursued by yet more gangsters and on and on and on and on and on and on and on and on and oh my gawd is it so awful and at the end the boy and the girl discover that they love one another and they live happily ever after. No MGM staff writer took The Cameraman seriously. Some people argue that the crowded stateroom in A Night at the Opera owed its inspiration to The Cameraman. Maybe. As we saw above, MGM remade some scenes from The Cameraman for a Red Skelton vehicle called Watch the Birdie, and they were quite precise, right down to the camera angles. Then came one of the rare MGM movies I actually like, and Ben Model was struck by something striking that had never struck me. Behold:

Click on the image to see the video.
Ben Model - silent film accompanist/historian,
Buster Keaton and Gene Kelly in parallel scenes
If YouTube ever disappears this video, download it.

We can parse the executive’s words further. From what he said, we can infer that the PRESENT print had been made in 1928 and had been used as training through sometime before 1953, probably sometime in 1947. It had probably been projected a hundred times or so through the years. That print was full-aperture silent on nitrate base. Nitrate stock, in case you don’t know, is far from resilient, and many nitrate prints had B&H sprocket holes rather than Academy sprocket holes, and B&H sprocket holes are prone to tearing. Worse, the sprocket teeth in projectors in those days were large and sharp and extremely harsh on film. After 20+ years, it was hardly surprising that the print would be worn out. It had surely shrunken, since all nitrate film shrinks rapidly and continues to shrink. It becomes extremely brittle with age. The sprocket holes had probably all popped with repeated projections. Yes, I am quite sure it was a goner, and it was surely sent to reclamation. Come 1953, the film could not be shown again until it was reprinted. That’s what the unidentified executive meant.

But the film was not reprinted. Why? One reason, undoubtedly, was that the divorcement decree of 1948, United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., 334 U.S. 131 (3 May 1948), changed the movie business forever. There were no further staff comics, and hence there was nobody to train. There was no point in making a new print. The other reason, of course, was that there was not enough left to reprint! Clearly, the MGM executive was not aware that making a replacement print would prove to be a challenge.

Once upon a time, long long ago, Jack Dragga sent me copies of some fascinating documents. What on earth did I ever do with them? I can’t find them, but I do find quotes I had culled from them. So, with apologies for not being able to show you the originals, here are the quotes I found so fascinating.

On 5 December 1957, MGM lab technician Henry Siccardi wrote an interoffice memo to his superior, Merle Chamberlin, entitled “Report on the Condition of the Buster Keaton Pictures.” The conclusions were distressing. The negative of The Navigator (1924) had completely deteriorated. The negative of Seven Chances (1925) was badly shrunken, and any attempt to rescue this film “would be hazardous due to the shrinkage being a little over the .093 safety factor.” The original camera negative of Battling Butler (1926) was unprintable, and the first reel was missing. The camera negative of Spite Marriage (1929) was unprintable. Finally, as for The Cameraman, “Reel 1 is missing... original negative is unprintable as it has many torn perforations, is excessively shrunken, also in the following reels, scenes have deteriorated: Reel 3, Scenes 60 and 61; Reel 4, Scenes 43 and 44; Reel 6, Scene 65 and the last 150 feet; Reel 6, Scenes 33, 34 and 35.” Siccardi explained what he meant by “deteriorated”: “said material has decomposed and there is no image or picture in these decomposed sections.” Significantly, Siccardi made no mention of any problems with Reel 3 “Scenes” 1 through 29, which constitute the only segment that has yet to be recovered. Apparently, the beginning of Reel 3 was still there! Neither did Siccardi make any mention of the end of Reel 2, which has not been issued in a good copy since the 1930’s. Why on earth was Reel 1 missing? The George Eastman House printed Reel 1 in 1951. How could it have vanished less than seven years later?

My best guess is that Kodak’s report of February 1951 and Siccardi’s report of December 1957 concerned two different negatives. Each was missing segments that were included in the other. One had been sent to Rochester for reprinting and preservation in 1951, and a different camera negative was on Siccardi’s inspection bench in 1957. If my guess is correct, then the people involved seemed not to realize that they were dealing with two negatives, one shot for domestic use and one shot for export.

We notice that though the lab reported that the camera negative was unprintable, the lab made no mention of lavenders/fine-grains or copy negatives or prints.

From the above, we can safely infer that at the beginning of December 1957, MGM wished to reprint The Cameraman but learned that it would not be possible to do so.

Il Cinema Ritrovato also tells us about “a 35mm MGM second-generation fine grain manufactured by MGM labs in 1957 from the 35mm original camera negative.” Oh good grief! How are “first generation” and “second generation” here being defined? A “second-generation fine-grain” is from an original “35mm camera negative”??? I suspect that a piece of the narrative is missing.

Here is my best guess, pending further information: Since the George Eastman House surely had a fine-grain, MGM borrowed it to make a new copy negative. MGM then used that copy negative to make a second-generation fine-grain. Even more likely, this was not a second-generation fine-grain. It could have been the one that MGM had deposited at Eastman.

If my guesswork is correct, then we can piece together the story of the original lavenders and the 1928 copy negatives and any earlier prints: They had all vanished. Perhaps they had turned to dust. Perhaps by some wild coincidence they had all gone up in smoke. MGM had a vault fire in 1955, but would all those elements have been kept together in the same vault? That seems borderline unbelievable. I don’t know what happened. Does anybody know?

On 4 April 1958 Merle Chamberlin issued an interoffice memo to Henry Siccardi to “send whatever negative material we have on THE CAMERAMAN via Emery Air to: Mr. Herb Gelbspan, Hal Roach Studios.” This is a mysterious memo. Why would MGM send these materials to Roach? Further, there seems to be no indication that these materials were ever returned.

We know that the George Eastman House in Rochester, NY, had a print that was missing the first three+ minutes of Reel 3. Joe Franklin, in Classics of the Silent Screen (NY: Bramhall House, 2 November 1959), p. 186, seemed to imply that MoMA had an exact copy of what GEH had, but it is difficult to ascertain that.

What else do we know? We know that Rudi Blesh completed the typescript of his Buster bio sometime in 1958, but that the publisher rejected it for being too long. Rudi refused to abridge it and so the book went on hold. It was not until 1965 that Rudi finally gave in. So he abridged the book, but he had written pretty much only about Buster’s earlier years in vaudeville and in silent pictures. He now had to remedy the situation and append some 60 pages to deal with the remainder of Buster’s life, and that part of the book was terribly hasty and inaccurate. On the final two pages of his book is a passage that has puzzled me since I first read it in 1975, and it puzzles me to this day. Shall we take a look?

...Rohauer began collecting and restoring prints of Keaton’s own films wherever they might be found, here and in Europe. He set up a corporation for Buster and then, through all possible means — locating old contracts, purchasing rights, buying off claimants of all shades of legitimacy, using persuasion and even litigation — Rohauer began to give the corporation assets, power, and meaning. It is a full turn, indeed, of the Hollywood wheel: Keaton, the nonorganization man, is now the center of an organization framed not to exploit but to restore his rights.

Along the way others joined the effort: Leopold Friedman, formerly with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and in France, a famous disciple of Keaton’s art, Jacques Tati. The long single-minded effort is now near completion. The corporation now owns all of Keaton’s work, beginning with The Butcher Boy of 1917 made with Roscoe Arbuckle, through all of Buster’s own silent two-reelers and features from 1920 to 1928, on to the cream of his MGM work from 1928 to 1933, and even including all of his Educational Comedies from 1935 to 1937....

That’s a head-scratcher. The corporation may have “owned” some rights to the Arbuckle shorts, though I am pretty sure they were all in the public domain, but the corporation did not own most of the physical films, which were considered lost. The corporation owned some of whatever remaining rights were held to the Buster movies, but some of the physical films were missing, and still are. The corporation never owned MGM’s Buster movies. Rohauer did, though, purchase Leopold Friedman’s shares in those properties, and so he received royalties, but he never owned the MGM films. John Baxter, in his utterly unreliable article, “The Silent Empire of Raymond Rohauer,” The Sunday Times Magazine, 19 January 1975, p. 33, offers a hint:

Rohauer also began a campaign against MGM to relinquish Keaton’s later works on the grounds, admittedly sound, they they were not being effectively distributed.

Is that true? Considering that almost everything in Baxter’s article is dead wrong, I wouldn’t place too much confidence in it.

Then we run into this mind-boggling statement from Steve Massa, posted on “Missing Reel on Buster Keaton’s ‘The Cameraman,’” NitrateVille, Thursday, 24 November 2011:

Despite the fact that around 1985 Raymond Rohauer personally told me that he had the footage squirreled away (I think he really loved keeping people guessing) it isn’t known to exist. Brownlow and Gill couldn’t find it anywhere.

What do we make of the above? I can think of a way to harmonize all three of those statements, though, admittedly, this is just guesswork. Blesh misunderstood Rohauer when he said that he had purchased Friedman’s shares, and mistakenly took that to mean that Rohauer owned the films lock, stock, and barrel. Note what happened next, in November 1959:

We know that in November 1959, the British Film Institute’s National Film Theatre in London offered a series called “100 Clowns,” and among the line-up was The Cameraman — AND IT WAS COMPLETE!!!!! We know that because David Robinson saw it and wrote about it 10 years later in his book, Buster Keaton (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1969), on pages 170 and 172: “He mistakes a doorman for a general, gets launched with a ship....” Richard Warner explains in a conversation on NitrateVille, Friday, 5 January 2024: “I believe this was a screening which took place at London’s National Film Theatre in November 1959 as part of their ‘100 Clowns’ season. I found a copy of the season’s booklet on eBay. It proudly announces this as a ‘first-ever’ screening of the film at the NFT, but offers no clue about the source of the print. Judging by David’s description of the film, it did have the missing 3 minutes.” Richard goes on to explain that a 1976 BFI newsletter stated that The Cameraman hadn’t been seen in the UK since the November 1959 screening in a print “heavily overlaid” with foreign titles. That leads me to suspect that the print was Belgian and that it had Flemish and French titles with English titles added via slide projector for this particular screening. We need to identify that print!

Images courtesy of Richard Warner.

You think that’s interesting? Well, remind yourself of what you discovered at the Retrospective page: The Cameraman was shown at the Cinémathèque Française during the Buster retro in Feb/Mar 1962. This was almost certainly the same print shown at the National Film Theatre in November 1959. It was almost certainly part of the Cinémathèque Française collection. It was almost certainly nitrate. It is almost certainly still there, mislabeled, unindexed, miscatalogued, unknown, forgotten.

What else do we know? We know that in 1964 MGM loaned Robert Youngson a fine-grain of The Cameraman so that he could pull excerpts for The Big Parade of Comedy. According to a NitrateVille post by Dick May on 30 May 2014, MGM never retrieved this fine-grain from Youngson. My best guess is that the fine-grain that Youngson used was the fine-grain that had been on deposit at the George Eastman House. Bizarrely, any footage that Youngson included in The Big Parade of Comedy was thereafter missing from the fine-grain. It appears that Youngson physically cut the masters in his possession to put together a new full-aperture (.723"×.964" approx.) action cutting copy. The Big Parade of Comedy, by the way, was optically reduced to the Academy format (.630"×.864" approx.) Since there needed to be an intermediate, why didn’t Youngson cut the intermediate rather than the master? That makes no sense to me.

Thus it was that from 1964 through 1967, The Cameraman was a lost film. It appears that nobody at MGM realized it was a lost film — probably not until the BFI booked a print. That’s when the MGM folks discovered that there was no print to ship over.

Richard Warner picks up that thread: “In January to March 1968, [the BFI] mounted the first-ever full-scale British retrospective of Keaton. It was a two-part retrospective. The Cameraman was supposed to be in part two. It’s in the printed booklet for Part 2, but instead of a date of showing, as with all the other films, it says ‘To be shown in Part 3’. They had already shown all the independent Keaton silent features, The Saphead and all the silent shorts known to survive at that time, plus Part 2 ended with a ‘The Last Years’ show (Film, BK Rides Again, etc.), so I don’t think a Part 3 was ever seriously envisaged. It’s my guess that a hasty, last-minute phone call to the printer changed the words in the booklet, because they had been unable to source ANY print of The Cameraman at all. So, I guess the ‘1959’ print had vanished in the intervening 10 years.”

Image courtesy of Richard Warner.

What happened to the material at George Eastman House? My best guess is that MGM retrieved it in order to hand it all over to Youngson. Was there ever material at MoMA? If so, what happened to it? What happened to the foreign print shown at the NFT in 1959?

What else do we know? We know that in January 1968 Raymond Rohauer made a huge splash with his Buster Keaton Festival at the BFI’s National Film Theatre. ¿Time to jump onto the bandwagon, que no? Let us return to that article in Il Cinema Ritrovato: “In 1968 Keaton films were in high demand and when MGM was unable to locate the studio fine grain it made a 35mm blow-up dupe from a 9.5mm print from Paris.” This 9.5mm print also had three+ minutes missing from the beginning of Reel 3. Where did this 9.5mm print come from?

Well, we know for certain that the George Eastman House had 35mm material in 1951 and probably for at least a few years afterwards. We know for certain that the George Eastman House made a 16mm print for Karl Malkames in 1951. We know that MGM had a 35mm fine-grain at the end of 1957, which may well have been the one held at Eastman. We know that MGM loaned a fine-grain to Bob Youngson in 1964. Between 1951 and 1963, someone somehow got hold of this fine-grain, or a copy negative made from it, or a print, late at night when no one was looking, and ran off a new copy, which was then copied further. It was an inside job.

I would like to examine that 9.5mm print for tell-tale clues.

MGM’s Paris office acquired a 35mm Academy-format enlargement of the 9.5mm print no later than April 1968.

Seventeen weeks? If this wire story were printed immediately, that would put the opening at about 27 May 1968. The Boston Record American deleted the name of the wire service and deleted the date of the story. For all we know, this story could have been printed four months after it was first transmitted. Oh. Wait. The glories of search engines. It opened on Wednesday, 10 April 1968.

When this edition of The Cameraman was issued in the US, it had a piano track. This must have been what was included in the French edition of 1968. That piano track has been bothering me for decades. Who played that piano? Now, once upon a time, somewhere online, I bumped into this little low-res poster:

I wish I could remember where I found that. I wish I the resolution were higher so that I could read the writing in that little cartoon. The cartoon puzzles me. Some posters print the cartoon. Other posters place the MGM logo there. I found a slightly better image of the poster on eBay and then attempted to sharpen the cartoon with Picasa:

Not so good, huh?

Oh, wait. Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait. Oooooooooooooooooo. I found a clearer copy:

So, why did some posters have an MGM logo while others had a Cinémas Associés logo? Sublicence? Or what?

Was this poster made for a particular performance at which Alain Romans would perform live? Or was this poster for a booking of a print with the piano track? (Alain Romans, 13 January 1905 – 19 December 1988.)

How do we solve this mystery? We solve it by learning Danish! Or, actually, we just use Google Translator. We discover that Ib Monty published a review of The Cameraman (Kanonfotografen) in Kosmorama vol. 89, 1968, pp. 96–97. The final paragraph of that review is what we’re after: “The Cameraman is still an exceptional film today. Such a beautiful, graceful, clever and humane comedy is perhaps only found today in the films of Jacques Tati. It is good that The Cameraman can now be seen again. Image-wise, the present copy could be better. Certain scenes are apparently missing from it as well. In contrast, Alain Romans’s piano accompaniment is well-suited the film’s style.” MYSTERY SOLVED!!!!! Oh how I love to solve mysteries!

$1,001.99. Well, if I were rich.... This printing of the poster had an MGM logo rather than a Cinémas Associés logo. We can see from this poster that it was definitely not advertising a special live performance. This was definitely a piano track by Alain Romans. Oh well, at least I can now make out that hand-drawn union bug on the left side:

Interestingly, or uninterestingly, when The Cameraman was originally released in France, in 1928, it had a different title:

As far as I know, MGM never made a poster for the new US edition, or a press sheet or any press materials whatsoever. I certainly have never seen any. You will notice that in the few ads below, cinemas had to invent their own graphics. Most chose not to, but simply submitted typeset announcements without illustrations. I suppose that the movie was the lowest of all low priorities, which makes me wonder why MGM even bothered to offer the movie.

The next we hear about The Cameraman is when it was included in the seventh New York Film Festival at Lincoln Center, 16 September through 2 October 1969. The Festival’s published a calendar in the newspapers, but made no mention of The Cameraman. That was reserved only for the official calendar handed out to attendees. John Dempsey, in his despondent summary in the Boston Sunday Herald Traveler, 12 October 1969, “Show Guide” p. 9, explained that, in addition to the regular schedule, there were further movies shown by the Special Events Division as publicity for the American Film Institute:

As we shall discover below, it was not MGM that rescued The Cameraman. It was the government-operated American Film Institute that was responsible. Was it the AFI that located that 9.5mm bootleg copy? Was it the AFI that made a new 35mm dupe negative from it? Was it MGM that paid for that service, or perhaps just reimbursed the costs?

According to Joan Kurilla, “4,000 May Be as Available as a Pocket Novel: Unearthing Near-Forgotten Films,” Center Daily Times (State College, Pennsylvania), Wednesday, 17 September 1969, sec. 2, p. 17, it was our old friend David Shepard who was in charge of those restorations. I wish I had known. I would have asked him about this. Oh well. Too late now.

As we saw above, Raymond Rohauer gave his first full Buster Keaton Festival its US première at the Surf in San Francisco, 25 September through 29 October 1969, but we can see from the programming that this was not a 100% Rohauer endeavor. Others were involved, movies other than Buster’s were included in the series, and the closing week with The Cameraman was booked through MGM.

Later, the Beverly Hills branch of the American Film Institute booked a 16mm retrospective of MGM movies from 10 December 1970 through 21 January 1971. The previous screenings in DC were surely 35mm. This time around, though, they were 16mm. MGM had licensed these 16mm editions to Films, Inc., which listed them in its first edition of the Rediscovering the American Cinema catalogue in 1970. Among the films? The Cameraman and Spite Marriage.

RecordCouncil, Films Incorporated Logo - 4K [35mm],
posted on 19 November 2021.
If YouTube ever disappears this, download it.

MGM thought it worth its while to make The Cameraman and Spite Marriage available, in 35mm and 16mm, but only for individual bookings and film clubs and specialty houses, not for general release.

The following list does not pretend to be complete, but it is what I can easily find in online searches, and it is surely representative.

OPENING	CITY	VENUE	RUN
Raleigh, NC
Fri 26 Sep 1969	Manhattan, NY	Lincoln Center 35mm NY Film Fest/AFI	1 show

Thu 23 Oct 1969	San Francisco, CA	Surf 35mm	7 days

Thu 23 Oct 1969	Berkeley, CA	Telegraph Repertory 35mm	7 days

Wed 21 Jan 1970	Washington, DC	National Gallery of Art 35mm	1 day

Fri 13 Mar 1970	Los Ángeles, CA	Bing Auditorium, LÁCMA 35mm	1 show

Apr or May 1970	Hanover, NH	Spaulding Auditorium	1 day
35mm, definitely
Sat 06 Jun 1970	Vancouver, BC	Old Colonial Magic Theatre	6 days

Sun 14 Jun 1970	San Francisco, CA	Fethers Point Film Society	1 show

Sat 18 Jul 1970	Ottawa, ON	NAC Opera House	1 day

Fri 31 Jul 1970	Manhattan, NY	MoMA	1 day

Sat 01 Aug 1970	Ottawa, ON	NAC Opera House	1 day

Thu 24 Sep 1970	Chapel Hill, NC	Great Hall	1 day

Sat 17 Oct 1970	Buffalo, NY	Museum of Science, 16mm	1 show

Tue 03 Nov 1970	Vancouver, BC	Colonial Magic Theatre John Owen at the piano	6 days

Jan 1971???	Beverly Hills, CA	AFI Theatre 16mm	1 day

Thu 14 Jan 1971	San Francisco, CA	Fethers Point Film Society	10 days

Sat 16 Jan 1971	Asbury Park, NJ	McCarter Theatre	1 show

Mon 29 Mar 1971	Cambridge, MA	Orson Welles #2	2 days

Sun 04 Apr 1971	St. Louis, MO	Goldenrod Showboat piano accompaniment	1 show

Mon 12 Apr 1971	Montréal, PQ	Hall Bldg Rm H-110	1 day

Tue 27 Apr 1971	Vancouver, BC	Colonial Magic Theatre John Owen at the piano	6 days

Thu 16 Sep 1971	San Francisco, CA	Interplayers Cinema	4 days

Sat 08 Jan 1972	Storrs, CT	Von der Mehden Recital Hall	1 show

Sat 04 Mar 1972	Hollywood, CA	Encore organ accompaniment	2 days

Sat 11 Mar 1972	Calgary, AB	Jubilee Auditorium	1 show

Wed 05 Apr 1972	Burlington, VT	Billings Center, North Lounge	1 day

Wed 05 Jun 1972	Toronto, ON	Ontario Science Centre	1 day

Mon 26 Jun 1972	Pleasant Hill, CA	Diablo Valley College	1 day
Sun 13 Aug 1972	Sacramento, CA	Home Front	1 show
Tue 15 Aug 1972	Ottawa, ON	L’Escale theatre boat, Hull Wharf	3 days
Sat 09 Sep 1972	Berkeley, CA	Pacific Film Archive	1 day
Sun 12 Nov 1972	Ottawa, ON	CEGEP	1 show

Wed 07 Feb 1973	Missoula, MT	Crystal’s	7 days
Sun 08 Apr 1973	Kansas City, MO	Nelson Gallery of Art	1 show
Sun 03 Jun 1973	San Francisco, CA	Museum of Art	1 show
Sun 22 Jul 1973	Ottawa, ON	National Library Auditorium	1 show
Thu 15 Nov 1973	Portland, OR	Art Museum	1 day
Mon 18 Feb 1974	Saratoga Springs, NY	Hildreth Hall	1 show
Sat 02 Mar 1974	Rochester, NY	Museum & Science Center	1 day

Mon 13 May 1974	Salt Lake, UT	Blue Mouse	6 days

Thu 23 May 1974	Bellingham, WA	Bay St. Cinema	4 days

Fri 11 Oct 1974	San Francisco, CA	Avenue Photoplay Society	1 show
Sun 10 Nov 1974	Dearborn, MI	Henry Ford Museum	1 day

Sun 01 Dec 1974	Cambridge, MA	Harvard-Epworth Church	1 show
Tue 17 Dec 1974	Pomona, CA	Thatcher Music Bldg	1 show
Sun 16 Mar 1975	Oak Park, IL	Public Library	1 show

Sun 20 Apr 1975	Albuquerque, NM	Rodey, UNM, 16mm	1 show

Mon 28 Jul 1975	Utica, NY	Macfarlane Auditorium	1 show
Fri 03 Oct 1975	Rohnert Park, CA	Darwin 108, Sonoma U	2 days
Fri 05 Dec 1975	Tucson, AZ	Modern Languages Auditorium	1 day

Fri 06 Feb 1976	Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON	Royal George Horace Lapp at the piano	1 show
Sun 29 Feb 1976	Montréal, PQ	Hall Bldg Rm H-110	1 show
Fri 19 Mar 1976	San Francisco, CA	Avenue Photoplay Society	1 show
Fri 30 Apr 1976	Santa Cruz, CA	UCSC Classroom 2	1 show
Sun 04 Jul 1976	Berkeley, CA	Pacific Film Archive	1 day
Wed 17 Nov 1976	Rohnert Park, CA	Darwin 108, Sonoma U	2 days
Wed 01 Dec 1976	Melbourne, VIC	HSV-7 TV	1 show

Thu 17 Mar 1977	London, Eng.	Electric Cinema Club 2	14 days
Sun 10 Apr 1977	Birmingham, Eng.	Arts Lab	3 days
Tue 12 Jul 1977	Newport Beach, CA	Balboa	1 day
Wed 07 Dec 1977	Yellow Springs, OH	Little Art	2 days
Sat 18 Mar 1978	Portland, OR	Art Museum Portland International Film Festival	1 show
Sun 30 Apr 1978	Melbourne, VIC	Ritz	1 show

Fri 19 May 1978	Kingston, ON	Ellis Hall	1 show
Sun 19 Nov 1978	Cambridge, MA	Harvard-Epworth Church	1 show
Fri 24 Nov 1978	San Francisco, CA	Avenue Photoplay Society	1 day
Sun 04 Feb 1979	Missoula, MT	Crystal	3 days
Sun 18 Feb 1979	San Francisco, CA	Telegraph Repertory	3 days
Fri 09 Mar 1979	Melbourne, VIC	Ritz	1 show

Wed 14 Mar 1979	Albuquerque, NM	Sunshine 35mm	7 days
Sun 15 Apr 1979	San Francisco, CA	Castro 35mm	2 days
Wed 06 Jun 1979	Melbourne, VIC	Ritz	1 show

Fri 03 Aug 1979	Cincinnati, OH	Emery Jack Doll, Jr., at the organ	3 days
Tue 14 Aug 1979	Los Ángeles, CA	Vagabond	1 day
Tue 11 Sep 1979	Manhattan, NY	Regency	2 days
Sun 23 Sep 1979	London, Eng.	Riverside Studios	1 day
Wed 10 Oct 1979	Berkeley, CA	UC Theatre	1 day
Mon 26 Nov 1979	Los Ángeles, CA	Nuart	1 day
Tue 22 Jan 1980	Austin, TX	Jester Auditorium	1 day
Wed 06 Feb 1980	Los Ángeles, CA	Vagabond	2 days
Tue 29 Apr 1980	Pittsburgh, PA	Museum of Art Theater	1 day
Thu 29 May 1980	Melbourne, VIC	HSV-7 TV	1 show
Tue 03 Jun 1980	Melbourne, VIC	HSV-7 TV	1 show
Fri 18 Jul 1980	San Francisco, CA	Avenue Photoplay Society organ accompaniment	1 day

Fri 12 Sep 1980	St. Louis, MO	Art Museum	1 show
Tue 11 Nov 1980	Wilmington, DE	Art Museum	1 show
Tue 18 Nov 1980	Yellow Springs, OH	Little Art	2 days
Sat 03Jan 1981	Salt Lake, UT	Utah Media Center	1 show
Sat 03 Jan 1981	Portland, OR	Art Museum	1 show
Mon 02 Feb 1981	Memphis, TN	Dixon Gallery and Gardens	1 show
Thu 12 Feb 1981	Rolla, MO	Miles Auditorium	1 show
Thu 26 Feb 1981	Memphis, TN	Dixon Gallery and Gardens	1 show
Tue 28 Apr 1981	Los Ángeles, CA	St. Robert’s Auditorium Robert Hunter at the Wurlitzer	1 day
Sat 06 Jun 1981	Lenox, MA	Town Hall Cinema	3 days
Sat 13 Jun 1981	Honolulu, HI	Academy Theatre	1 show
Wed 23 Sep 1981	Pleasant Hill, CA	Diablo Valley College	1 show
Sat 03 Oct 1981	Plainfield, VT	Community Center	1 show
Thu 21 Jan 1982	Melbourne, VIC	HSV-7 TV	1 show
Tue 16 Feb 1982	San Francisco, CA	Cento Cedar Rohauer BK Fest	1 day
Sat 24 Apr 1982	Cambridge, Eng.	Arts Cinema	6 days
Wed 28 Apr 1982	Los Ángeles, CA	St. Robert’s Auditorium Wurlitzer accompaniment	1 show
Sat 01 May 1982	Cambridge, MA	Brattle	1 day
Tue 01 Jun 1982	Los Ángeles, CA	Vagabond	1 day

Sun 20 Jun 1982	Minneapolis, MN	Walker Art Center Rohauer BK Fest	2 days
Fri 08 Oct 1982	Hazelton, PA	Boscov’s Department Store Auditorium	3 days
Sat 16 Oct 1982	Montpelier, VT	Savoy	2 days
Sat 23 Oct 1982	Frodsham, Eng.	Fluin Lane Community Centre	1 day
Fri 04 Feb 1983	Davenport, IA	Marycrest College Nursing Bldg Auditorium	1 show
Tue 08 Feb 1983	Berkeley, CA	Pacific Film Archive	1 show
Thu 17 Mar 1983	Oakland, CA	Telegraph	6 days
Thu 07 Apr 1983	Manchester, NH	Currier Gallery of Art	1 show
Fri 08 Apr 1983	Salt Lake, UT	Library Auditorium	1 day
Thu 26 May 1983	San Francisco, CA	Avenue Photoplay Society	1 day
Mon 13 Jun 1983	Manhattan, NY	Theater Guinevere	2 days
Tue 14 Jun 1983	Chapel Hill, NC	NC Museum of Art	1 day
Thu 23 Jun 1983	San Francisco, CA	Cedar Cinema	1 day
Thu 17 Nov 1983	Baltimore, MD	Museum of Art Auditorium	1 show
Tue 22 Nov 1983	Los Ángeles, CA	Vista	1 day

Wed 04 Jul 1984	Boston, MA	Rear Window, Basement Gallery	3 days
Fri 01 Feb 1985	Long Beach CA	Art	3 days
Sun 19 May 1985	Los Ángeles, CA	New Beverly	3 days
Fri 25 Nov 1985	Melbourne, VIC	Valhalla	1 day
Sun 15 Dec 1985	Los Ángeles, CA	New Beverly	3 days
Sat 18 Jan 1986	Melbourne, VIC	National Mutual Centre Theatrette 447 Collins Street	1 show
Sun 09 Feb 1986	Manhattan, NY	Thalia	1 day
Tue 07 Apr 1986	Manhattan, NY	Regency	2 days
Sat 22 Aug 1986	London, Eng.	National Film Theatre	1 day

Thu 16 Oct 1986	Richmond, VA	Byrd Lin Lunde at the organ	1 show
Sat 17 Jan 1987	Brattleboro, VT	Actors Theatre	2 days

Fri 23 Jan 1987	Richmond, VA	Byrd Lin Lunde at the organ	2 days

Mon 16 Feb 1987	Huntington, NY	New Community Cinema Harry Weiss at the piano	1 show

Sat 07 Mar 1987	Racine, WI	Johnson Wax Golden Rondelle	1 show

Sun 29 Mar 1987	Helena, MT	Second Story Cinema piano accompaniment	1 show

Sun 19 Jul 1987	Los Ángeles, CA	New Beverly	3 days

Tue 25 Aug 1987	Manhattan, NY	Citicorp Center piano accompaniment	1 show
Thu 10 Sep 1987	Rhinebeck, NY	Upstate Films	2 days
Sun 04 Oct 1987	Sydney, NSW	ABJS Encore Cinema	1 show
Sun 15 Nov 1987	Hanover, NH	Spaulding Auditorium	1 show
Mon 21 Dec 1987	Manhattan, NY	Film Forum 2	2 days
Sun 14 Feb 1988	Burlington, VT	Contois Auditorium	1 day
Mon 22 Feb 1988	Los Ángeles, CA	Nuart	1 day
Mon 05 Jun 1988	Berkeley, CA	UC Theatre	1 day
Sun 31 Jul 1988	Rochester, NY	Museum & Science Center Don Scott at the organ	1 show
Tue 30 Aug 1988	San Diego, CA	Ken	1 day
Tue 01 Nov 1988	San Francisco, CA	Castro Bob Vaughn at the Wurlitzer
Mon 26 Dec 1988	Huntington, NY	New Community Cinema Harry Weiss at the piano	1 show
Thu 12 Jan 1989	Cambridge, MA	Harvard-Epworth Church Robert Humphreville at the piano	1 show

Mon 10 Apr 1989	Nashville, TN	Vanderbilt’s Sarratt Cinema	1 show

Wed 24 May 1989	Berkeley, CA	UC Theatre 35mm	1 day

Sun 16 Jul 1989	Sacramento, CA	Crest	1 day
16mm
Thu 20 Jul 1989	Toronto, ON	Diamond Club, Grapevine Room	1 show

Sat 06 Jan 1990	Grimsby, Eng.	Whitgift Andrew Youdell at the piano	1 show

Sun 21 Jan 1990	Palo Alto, CA	Stanford Bob Vaughn at the Wurlitzer	1 show

Sun 15 Apr 1990	Manhattan, NY	Cinema Village	1 day

Fri 04 May 1990	Roslyn, NY	Bryant Library	1 show

Fri 18 May 1990	Cincinnati, OH	Emery organ accompaniment	2 days

Sun 01 Jul 1990	Los Ángeles, CA	New Beverly	3 days

Fri 06 Oct 1990	Louisville, KY	Actors Theatre Stevens F. Crews at the piano	1 show

Fri 13 Oct 1990	Louisville, KY	Actors Theatre Stevens F. Crews at the piano	1 show
The above may have been the final screening of the 1968 edition. The booking below was the semi-restored edition, incorporating Bob Youngson’s fine-grain.

Sun 30 Jun 1991	Manhattan, NY	Film Forum 2 35mm accompanied by Vince Giordano and His Nighthawks	1 show

Sun 10 Nov 1991	Keene, NH	Colonial	1 show

Didn’t exactly set the world on fire, now, did it? Well, I guess the film enjoyed its lengthy one-day runs. It had played a profitable 17 weeks in France, but in the US it was not promoted at all. It wasn’t even dumped onto the market. It was just added to a catalogue and a few programmers happened to notice. Only a handful of specialty houses and museums and educational institutions bothered with it. That’s why it flopped. I can just hear it now, in my imagination, but still, I bet this is what the MGM executives said to themselves: “Lousy movie. Nobody’s interested. It was a waste of money. We shouldn’t have bothered.”

Darn it! Darn it! Darn it! I knew that the Rodey on the UNM campus occasionally presented silent movies, but somehow I entirely missed this announcement. Darn it!

I remember seeing this double feature at the Sunshine in Albuquerque on a Saturday matinée, 17 March 1979. 912 seats. Only about 6 were filled. Not so much as a chuckle. A reason, of course, is that when a show is presented in a gigantic auditorium that is nearly empty, people are not inclined to laugh, no matter how screamingly funny the material is. Actually, in such a milieu, nothing is funny. Another reason, of course, in regard to Spite Marriage, is simply that it is painfully bad. My memory about the music on The Cameraman is a complete blank. I was certain that I didn’t need to take notes because I was certain that I’d remember. Wrong again. Yet there can be no doubt that it was Alain Romans’s by-now-anonymous piano track. Why his credit was deleted from the US release prints remains a mystery.

Richard Warner posted a message on “1928 in the public domain-- what can we expect?” NitrateVille, on Friday, 5 January 2024:

In 1976, a BFI newsletter mentioned that Harris Films, UK agents for Films Incorporated, had 16mm prints of The Cameraman and Spite Marriage for hire. Mention was made that Spite Marriage hadn’t been shown in the UK since its original release and that The Cameraman hadn’t been seen here since the NFT 1959 screening in a print “heavily over-laden” with foreign titles. Spite Marriage was subsequently shown at the 1976 London Film Festival. A little later, the Electric Cinema of Notting Hill ran The Cameraman at their short-lived second cinema in Covent Garden. I saw it. It was the lousy blow-up with the “Hotel” fragment. I wrote to Harris films about the print and got a nice reply saying they were hoping to get a better print “from one of the overseas archives”. They never did.

By 1978, at the latest, Enrique Bouchard of Buenos Aires was offering Super 8 and 16mm copies of this exact edition of The Cameraman to collectors. Apparently it was duped from a Films, Inc., release print, which had been duped from MGM’s 35mm edition, which had been duped from the 9.5mm print, which had been duped from a dupe of the MGM/Eastman House material.

I have never seen any of Bouchard’s catalogues, and so Richard Warner scanned this page of the 1978 catalogue for me.

On 21 June 1989, MGM/UA published a poll. It consisted of a long list of movies, including The Cameraman, and readers were to check off the 10 they most wanted.

On 15 July 1989, MGM/UA winnowed that list down to 25 titles, still including The Cameraman, and published a second poll.

See also the press release of 28 July 1989.

On 9 August 1989 came a third poll, with the list now reduced to 10 titles, still including The Cameraman.

Then, on 16 May 1990, MGM/UA announced that it was considering issuing The Cameraman and A Woman of Affairs.

Finally, MGM/UA issued the 9.5mm blowup of The Cameraman on VHS on Wednesday, 20 February 1991, for the inflated price of $29.98. M302159. It’s long out of print, but you can still find copies on eBay.

Going back to Dick May, he continued, “when Turner first took over the MGM library the only thing we had were film elements apparently optically enlarged from a narrow-gauge print found in France. The quality, as expected, was quite poor.”

Then the unexpected happened. Dick May related a story of what must have occurred sometime around April 1991.

One day I received a call from David Shepherd (well known in this forum), telling me he had recently bought ‘a garage full of film’ from the estate of the late documentary maker Robert Youngson. Among this film was a fine-grain positive of THE CAMERAMAN, missing the first 10-minute reel. Apparently MGM had lent this to Youngson when he was making his compilation film MGM's BIG PARADE OF COMEDY, and never retrieved it. This was a safety acetate element, probably made from the original negative. We made arrangements to get it from David, and made new 35mm film elements. We still were stuck with the inferior reel 1.

That’s part of the story. The rest of the story is summarized, once again, by Il Cinema Ritrovato:

MGM finally located the fine grain in 1991 — when film historian and collector David Shepard found it in Robert Youngston’s vast collection he had acquired — though it was missing footage from single reels 1A, 2A, 3A and 4A. The majority of footage removed from the fine grain was used to create the documentary MGM’s Big Parade of Comedy.

So, anything included in The Big Parade of Comedy was gone from the fine-grain. Several other bits and pieces were missing as well. Apparently Bob Youngson had contemplated including them in his compilation but then decided against doing so. For the 1991 restoration, some missing sequences had to be pulled from The Big Parade of Comedy. Other missing shots were pulled from the enlargement of the 9.5mm dupe, and the beginning of Reel 3 was still a lost cause.

Karl Malkames’s grandson, Bruce Lawton, saw this preliminary restoration, surely at the Film Forum 2 on Sunday, 30 June 1991, and it was surely the following day that he alerted Dick May to his grandfather’s 16mm print, which included the entirety of Reel 1 printed directly from the camera negative, as well as a complete Reel 6. Apparently Turner/MGM/UA no longer had a complete Reel 6 except in the poor enlargement of the 9.5mm dupe.

Bruce placed his phone call to Dick May just as work was beginning on a laserdisc release, which was to have featured music suggested by the original cue sheet, played by Vince Giordano and His Nighthawks. Alas, the rights to the period music proved to be prohibitive, and so Alain Romans’s 1968 piano was retained for the laserdisc. The deadline was too soon to allow for Reel 1 or 12 seconds in the middle of Reel 6 to be replaced, and so those pieces remained in the 9.5mm dupe quality, as well as some other brief moments, notably Yankee Stadium. The editors decided to eliminate the glimpse of the Beverly Wilshire Hotel at the end of Reel 2, apparently because it was too fragmentary. You can hear an abrupt snip in the piano score at that moment.

Opening disclaimer.

And here’s the snip in the music. Ascoltate:

If the video does not display, download it.

The laserdisc set, ML102225, issued on Wednesday, 29 July 1992.

The upgrade was not abandoned at this stage, though, for the new 35mm prints made just afterwards, as well as the 2004 Turner/Warner DVD, included all the best footage known, minus the last 13 seconds of Reel 2.

What do we learn from this? MGM took no care of its assets on The Cameraman. When the negative rotted, there seems to have been no urgency about locating backups. Some of the backups may have gone up in smoke in various vault fires. We do not know. We do not know what happened to them. When MGM loaned a fine-grain to Bob Youngson, it never bothered to retrieve its property from him. When the AFI or MGM or somebody else found that 9.5mm bootleg in Paris, was there an effort to trace its origins? Probably not. When David Shepard dredged up Youngson’s collection, he could have kept it a secret. Instead, he told Dick May, who was then left with a three-minute gap and a lousy Reel 1. What attempts were made to locate the missing material? Were there any attempts? Then when Bruce Lawton approached with his grandfather’s copy, again, nobody would have known had Bruce not made the effort. It seems to me, and my perception could be wrong, that MGM and its successors were entirely passive, even lackadaisical. Any material that fell into their laps, sure, fine, they would use it, but they would make no effort to find any missing pieces.

Then there is the Bob Monkhouse story, which you need to read. Kevin Brownlow sent Patty Tobias an issue of Empire magazine #55, January 1994, which included an interview with Bob Monkhouse. We learn about this from Patty Tobias, “The Buster News,” The Keaton Chronicle vol. 2 no. 1, Winter 1993/1994, p. 12:

But in 1977, in the dark days before the VCR, Monkhouse was arrested for conspiracy to import feature films belonging to the major film companies. Many of his movies were confiscated and it took two years before the case against him was thrown out, with Monkhouse awarded costs. It is only when recalling the episode that this supremely calm individual sounds unhappy — bitter, even. “I had the missing scenes from Buster Keaton’s The Cameraman, one of the greatest of all comedy films. I found a negative of it in Czechoslovakia,” he mourns. “It got chucked in the police furnace, as did the only copy of the British 1931 comedy Ghost Train.” Ironically, this is one of the “lost films” for which the British Film Institute is now desperately searching, taking out ads in various publications begging collectors to get in touch.

My interpretation of that was that Monkhouse had acquired the dupe negative he found in Czechoslovakia and brought it back to his home in England. My interpretation of that was that the police incinerated the actual dupe negative. Totally wrong. When he said that he had “the missing scenes” I had interpreted that as meaning he had a complete copy that included the missing scenes. I no longer interpret the story that way. I bet that Monkhouse did not have a complete copy. I bet he had only the missing scenes. The story is a little more complicated, and, perhaps, a little more hopeful. Keep reading.

Simon Brew, “Bob Monkhouse, His Movie Collection, and the Bizarre Serious Crime Squad Case,” Film Stories, 26 April 2021. Monkhouse had found a dupe negative in Czechoslovakia, presumably at the Prague exchange, and imported a 16mm print for his personal collection. In all likelihood, he ordered only the end of Reel 2 and the beginning of Reel 3 to be printed to 16mm. He offered it to the BFI, but the BFI had no interest. In 1975, the police raided his home and confiscated his collection. Though all charges were soon dropped, not all the films were returned. Among the ones presumably dropped into the police department’s incinerator was his 16mm material on The Cameraman. Is there proof that it was incinerated? Or is this just what someone said to Monkhouse, or is this just an assumption? Might it still be in a police file cabinet or evidence box?

That leaves open the question: WHAT HAPPENED TO THE DUPE NEGATIVE IN PRAGUE? Remember, if there was a dupe negative in Prague, then there were prints shipped to various cinemas throughout Eastern Europe. Perhaps a few are still lying about, unnoticed, in forgotten cans after the labels fell off.

In addition to that, WHAT HAPPENED TO THE FOREIGN PRINT THAT WAS SHOWN AT THE NATIONAL FILM THEATRE IN NOVEMBER 1959? We need to find it, or, at the very least, we need to learn its provenance.

There’s more. There are rumors, probably true, of at least two original nitrate release prints of The Cameraman being in the hands of private collectors, and these contain the long-missing opening few minutes of the third reel. Allegedly, one of the collectors is holding out for a price, and the other collector is too terrified of lawsuits and property seizures to go public. My efforts to locate these two collectors, even through middlemen to protect their anonymity, have been thwarted.

The latest restoration was a collaboration among the Criterion Collection, the Cineteca di Bologna, and Warner Bros. As Il Cinema Ritrovato notes: “FIAF archives and private collections around the world were combed to find the 291 feet of missing footage, unfortunately without success.”

I think that there are several copies still around somewhere. Anyone who holds out for a price will die disappointed. That’s not the way archiving works. I mean, my heavens, just look at the list of bookings above. It was just a bunch of obscure showings in usually obscure venues usually for a single day. This is not a billion-dollar property. Please. The film is valuable, but as an objet d’ art, as a historical document; it is of relatively little monetary value. Not all value is monetary, though there are many people (I have met them) who are incapable of comprehending that concept. A collector who comes into possession of a missing film should ideally just turn it over, but a collector who is adamant about earning some coin should just take a share of the distributor’s net. That is absolutely the most a collector could ever hope to earn. The discovery of lost films does not bring riches. Don’t hold something for a ransom that nobody could afford and that nobody could ever earn back.

So, in sum, I think we have some leads. How do we pursue them?

Take a look at Kevin Brownlow’s book, Alla ricerca di Buster Keaton(Cineteca Bologna, 2009), pages 147 and 148. Frank Dugas mentions several scenes that were abandoned. Apparently The Cameraman, like Buster’s previous features, was made on the fly. Probably nine out of every ten scenes were junked as inferior, until the cast and crew finally landed on the scene that worked just right. There was a trolley car pulled by a horse (as in Harold Lloyd’s Speedy); there was a different ending to the Yankee Stadium, which revealed Arthur Houseman, perennially drunk, cheering for Babe Ruth; Frank Dugas also remembered this most curious scene:

There was a scene where he is in front of his house, where the Waldorf was going to be built, and we start in on Buster and the camera pulls back and this guy delivers this Prevost camera, and he sets it up on his porch, and he reads what you’re supposed to do to become a cameraman. He puts the camera on his shoulder and you have the gags of his going from his street. We’re on Fifth Avenue, and we pan. A bus comes and the conductor says “Get that thing upstairs.” So he takes it up and there are men seated with top hats. He looks around for a seat and the hats go flying across Fifth Avenue.

Art.com.

IMDb.

doctormacro.com, Pinterest.

Sara Zittel, Pinterest.
MGMP-4586

Alamy.
MGMP-4587

Anton David, Pinterest.
MGMP-4581

Sara Zittel, Pinterest.

Art.com, Pinterest.

[anonymous], Pinterest.
MGMP-4594

Alamy.

Alamy.
MGMP-8024

David Brown, Phototrio.
366-8

366-8

Alamy.
366-1

IMDb.

Alamy.

Superstock.

Cahiers du Cinéma, April 1962.

[anonymous], Pinterest.
366-15

OSTERFESTIVAL TIROL, Pinterest.
MGMP-2715

Alamy.

Blue Robin Collectables.
MGMP-2735

366-7, TCM.

IMDb.
366-37

Art.com.

IMDb.

Alamy.

Alamy.
366-19

Reddit r/busterkeaton.
366-19

Alamy.
366-83

Sara Zittel, Pinterest.

Alamy.
366-25

IMDb.

Barbara Popel, Glebe Report; IMDb.

@BusterKeatonSoc, Twitter/X

busterkeatonsociety.tumblr.com, Pinterest.

Sara Zittel, Pinterest., MGMP-22490

IMDb.

366-54

IMDb. 366-54

366-54

366-32

Art.com, Pinterest.
366-46

366-46

Steve Pseno, Pinterest.
Norman McNeill with the accordion.
At the time, he was working out a new tune with Eddie Sedgwick, “Pretty Thing.”

Steve Pseno, Pinterest.
Eddie, Norman, and Buster serenade Marceline.

abcdvdvideo.
366-X-43

[anonymous], Pinterest.
366-X-19

John Bengtson, Silent Locations.

theloudestvoice, Pinterest.

Reddit r/busterkeaton.

IMDb.
MGMP-4739

Wayne Brooker, Pinterest.
366-x-13

Wayne Brooker, Pinterest.

Oh my. This gets me down. Marceline was a bit taller than Buster. Throughout the movie she crouches while Buster wears lifts in his shoes. Here, since he was barefoot, the stagehands supplied him with props to put under his heels. Why? So she’s taller; what’s the big deal? Phyllis Haver (The Balloonatic) was taller. So was Kathryn McGuire (Sherlock Jr. and The Navigator). That never upset anybody. But now we are at MGM, and apparently MGM abided by certain mindless conventions. To please whom?

366-31
Jeffrey Vance & Eleanor Keaton, Buster Keaton Remembered.

Alamy.

Vanewimsey, Pinterest.

abcdvdvideo.

Steve Pseno, Pinterest.

instagram.com, Pinterest.

Alamy.

Stephanie, Pinterest.

MGMP-8026
gettyimages.com, Pinterest.

366-X-10
Vanewimsey, Pinterest.

24.media.tumblr.com, Pinterest.

366-74
abcdvdvideo.

366-75
Sara Zittel, Pinterest.

(number unknown)
abcdvdvideo.

366-X-44
abcdvdvideo.

Wikimedia Commons.

Imogen Sara Smith, Criterion.

Reddit Classic Films.

MGMP-7463

366-X-34

Melinda Jeanne Pehanick, Pinterest.

25.media.tumblr.com, Pinterest.

Alamy.

Album.

IMDb.

Imogen Sara Smith, Criterion.

Alamy.
366-88

Film Preservation Society.
366-97

IMDb.

Film Preservation Society.

Art.com.

Alamy.

Reddit r/busterkeaton.

366-123
Alamy.

Steve Pseno, Pinterest.

Sara Zittel, Pinterest.

Howard Hawks Hollywood, Pinterest.

366-124
Alamy.

366-124
Sara Zittel

return to bristol, Pinterest.

abcdvdvideo.

Sara Zittel, Pinterest.
366-107

Лиза Lisa, Pinterest.

Alamy.

IMDb. 366-105

eBay, Luke s Loot, 366-105

La Revue du Cinéma vol. 1 no. 4, 15 October 1929, p. 73, 366-105

366-104

Art.com, Pinterest
366-103

366-103

Art.com, Pinterest.

Society for American Baseball Research.

abcdvdvideo.

Sara Zittel, Pinterest.
366-114

abcdvdvideo.
366-114

366-113?
Vanewimsey, Pinterest.

Postermania West, Pinterest.

Released in Germany through Parufamet, of course!
Parufamet makes my blood run cold.

Buster Keaton, Facebook.
The Danish poster.

Gala Fundraising.
The Swedish poster.

Giuseppe Rausa.it.

Italian distributors did not offer posters in those days. Instead, each cinema ordered its own broadsides, specific to each booking. Here we have Il Gran Cinema Teatro Impero in Milano and its booking from Thursday through Sunday, 21–24 November 1929.

lombardiabeniculturali.it.

Here we have the Cinema Regina in Milano, but when? The show is “TODAY,” with no indication of which Today it was! My best guess is that this was more or less the same time as the showing at Il Gran Cinema Teatro Impero.

Benito Original Movie Poster.

This is an exceedingly rare exception to the rule of broadsides for Italian cinemas. It has an illustration! Not only that, but the distributor supplied that illustration! This beggars belief. I do not know where the Cine Palazzo was. There is no address, but the manager is named as L. Pugliese, an attorney. That ain’t helpin’ me. There is no date, though it was likely 1929.

movieposters2.com
It seems that this is MGM’s circa-1968 reissue poster in Germany.

Postermania.

MGM reissued the 9.5mm-to-35mm blowup in Italy in 1970, but used an image from Spite Marriage on the posters. Italy rediscovered Buster in September 1963 at the Venice Festival, but then lost him all over again immediately afterwards. This MGM reissue of Il cameraman was almost the only reappearance of silent Buster in Italy since that time. And I bet that Italian cinemas all cropped it to .446"×.825".

It seems that once MGM had been granted some better materials,
it licensed the reissue rights to Les Grands Films Classiques.

If you have read this far down, you deserve to see John Bengtson’s latest video exploration:

Silent Locations by John Bengtson, Caught on Film — How Buster Keaton Made The Cameraman — Score by Jon Mirsalis, posted on Apr 5, 2024.
When YouTube disappears this video, download it.

(Click here to continue)

The Missing Scenes in The Cameraman

The Missing Scenes in
The Cameraman